Their producers used sensational elements to attract audiences lost to television. The Motion Picture Association of America (and the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America before it) cooperated with censorship boards and grassroots organizations in the hope of preserving the image of a "clean" Hollywood, but the distributors of exploitation film operated outside of this circuit and often welcomed controversy as a form of free promotion. ![]() The organisation, which applied the The Hays Code for film censorship, also disapproved of the work of Dwain Esper, the director responsible for exploitation movies such as Marihuana (1936) and Maniac (1934). The film proved popular at the box office but caused concern for the American cinema trade association, the MPPDA. An early example, the 1933 film Ecstasy, included nude scenes featuring the Austrian actress Hedy Lamarr. Such films were first seen in their modern form in the early 1920s, but they were popularized in the 60s and 70s with the general relaxing of censorship and cinematic taboos in the U.S. ![]() Hedy Lamarr swimming nude in Ecstasy (1933)Įxploitation films may feature suggestive or explicit sex, sensational violence, drug use, nudity, gore, destruction, rebellion, mayhem, and the bizarre.
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